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Hospitals in Islamic Civilization

Imagine a nation where every hospital is free of cost irrespective to your status, caste, gender, religion, nationality. A multi-speciality hospital providing you a clothes, well furnished wards, delicious food, specialized doctors, that too free of cost. Not just this even giving the patient money and food as a compensation for being out of work during his hospital stay. Isn't it mind-blowing?? This is what hospitals were in the Islamic Civilization. In early medieval where Europe belief that illness is supernatural, uncontrollable, incurable. Muslims took completely different approach because of the saying of prophet Muhammadﷺ, “God has sent down the disease and he has appointed cure for every disease, so treat yourself medically”(¹) Mobile Dispensaries The first known Islamic care center was set up in a tent by Rufaydah al-Aslamiyah r.a during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ. Famously, during the Ghazwah Khandaq, she treated the wounded in a separ...
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Evolution Through genetic Mutation

Most people believe that mutations can help a species evolve into a different species, but is this scientifically possible? Let's have a look.


As we all know, speciation means that a species evolves into a different species. This is one of the major arguments that people who believe in Darwinian evolution quote. But this holds no water. Why? Allow me to explain, but before going deep into that, let us understand Mutation correctly.

Mutation
Generally, when people hear about mutation, Superheroes come into their minds, maybe because of the cinema, but that is totally wrong. When you ask a person what mutation does, he will tell you that mutation can change a person into Hulk, or mutation can make you strong like Captain America or something like Spider-Man, but that's not the fact, and this is only a fairy tale, not the reality.

In reality, science tells us that the mutations are mostly neutral which means they will make no effect in your genetic code or they are harmful which means they are going to make a negative effect in your body or in your genotype.

Allow me to give you some of the examples of mutations and after that, you can easily understand what mutations are:-

1. Cancer
2. AIDS
3. Sickle Cell anemia
4. Turner's syndrome
5. Down syndrome
And many more.

I hope that it is clear from the above examples that now you have an idea of what mutation is and also you know what mutation can do. Mutation can make a well-functioning body ill, because of mutations it is very hard for a species to survive so forget about the question of evolving a species into a new species through mutation.

Positive mutations
As I said earlier the majority of the mutations are negative or neutral which means that some of them are positive too, so is it possible that these positive mutation may help in speciation?

Well, the answer is no of course because one or two or handful of mutations are not sufficient to drive a species into a totally new species.

Single Mutations Are Insufficient.

Significant evolutionary changes require the accumulation of many beneficial mutations over long periods. Single mutations are usually not enough to cause the drastic changes needed for speciation. The probability of multiple beneficial mutations occurring in a coordinated manner is exceedingly low.

Now most of the people who believe in Darwinian evolution say that mutations are not alone responsible for speciation but natural selection plays an important role in it.

Here is the cognitive dissonance of this argument because natural selection is a random process so if you select mutation through a random process then it is nearly impossible for you to select the positive mutation because they are very very less in numbers mathematically speaking if natural selection drives the mutation then only negative mutations will take place or neutral mutations and both of them are not going to make or help a single species to evolve into a different species s

The only case left where you can evolve from a species into a different and more complex species is when the natural selection is not random it has to be designed and the one who is selecting the mutation has to be intelligent too otherwise you will only get negative and neutral mutations which will not help you to achieve your goal.

Conclusion
While mutations contribute to genetic variation, the claim that they alone drive the process of speciation is contentious. The limitations and challenges associated with mutation-driven evolution suggest that other factors, such as epigenetics and genetic constraints, play significant roles. To convincingly argue against speciation through mutations, one must critically evaluate the evidence and consider alternative mechanisms that better explain the complexity of biological evolution.

@author
Daawar Ali Khan
Diploma in social psychology, bachelor in biology, Active debater, Social worker
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